CYP2C9

CYP2C9
ساختارهای موجود
PDB	جستجوی یونی‌پروت انسان: PDBe RCSB
فهرست شناسه‌های PDB
	1OG2, 1OG5, 1R9O, 4NZ2
معین‌کننده‌ها
نام‌های دیگر	CYP2C9, CPC9, CYP2C, CYP2C10, CYPIIC9, P450IIC9, cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 9, Cytochrome P450 2C9, P450-2C9
شناسه‌های بیرونی	OMIM: 601130 MGI: 1919553 HomoloGene: 133566 GeneCards: CYP2C9
عدد EC	1.14.14.51
موقعیت ژن (موش)
کروموزوم	کروموزوم ۱۹ (موش)
پایان	39,082,388 bp
الگوی گسترش RNA
	; ; ; ;
	More reference expression data
هستی‌شناسی ژن
عملکرد ملکولی	• iron ion binding; • arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity; • metal ion binding; • steroid hydroxylase activity; • caffeine oxidase activity; • heme binding; • GO:0050602 oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen; • oxidoreductase activity; • monooxygenase activity; • oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen;
ترکیبات سلولی	• organelle membrane; • endoplasmic reticulum membrane; • membrane; • intracellular membrane-bounded organelle; • شبکه آندوپلاسمی; • سیتوپلاسم;
فرایند زیستی	• steroid metabolic process; • سوخت‌وساز لیپید; • cellular amide metabolic process; • epoxygenase P450 pathway; • monocarboxylic acid metabolic process; • oxidative demethylation; • omega-hydroxylase P450 pathway; • monoterpenoid metabolic process; • xenobiotic metabolic process; • urea metabolic process; • long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process; • organic acid metabolic process; • estrogen metabolic process;
	منابع: آمیگو / کوئیک‌گو
هم‌ساخت‌شناسی
	1559
	72303
	ENSG00000138109
	ENSMUSG00000067231
	P11712
	ن/م
	NM_000771
	NM_028191
	NP_000762
	ن/م
	مشاهده/ویرایش موش

سیتوکروم P450 خانواده ۲ زیرخانواده C عضو ۹ (به اختصار CYP2C9) یک پروتئین آنزیمی است. این آنزیم در متابولیسم بیگانه‌زیست‌ها، از جمله داروها و ترکیبات درون‌زا (مانند اسیدهای چرب) از طریق اکسایش نقش دارد. این پروتئین در انسان توسط ژن CYP2C9 کدگذاری می شود. این ژن بسیار چند ریخت است که بر بازدهی متابولیسم توسط آنزیم تأثیر می گذارد.

لیگاندها

**برخی سوبستراها، مهارکننده‌ها و القاکننده‌های CYP2C9**
سوبستراها	مهارکننده‌ها	القاکننده‌ها
فلاوانوئیدهای غذایی naringenin نارینژین کوئرستین روتین داروهای ضدالتهاب غیراستروئیدی (ضد درد، تب‌بر، ضدالتهاب) سلکوکسیب لورنوکسیکام دیکلوفناک ایبوپروفن ناپروکسن کتوپروفن پیروکسیکام ملوکسیکام سوپروفن فنی‌توئین (دارو ضد تشنج) 2-oxo-clopidogrel (an inactive metabolite of clopidogrel prodrug) فلوواستاتین (استاتین (دارو)) سولفونیل‌اوره‌ها (دارو ضد دیابت) گلی پیزید گلی‌بن کلامید گلیمپیرید تولبوتامید گلی‌بن کلامید مسدودکننده گیرنده آنژیوتانسین ۲ (در فشار خون بالا، نفروپاتی دیابتی ونارسایی قلب) ایربسارتان لوزارتان (سوبسترا) وارفارین (ضدانعقاد) سیلدنافیل (در اختلال نعوظ) تربینافین (ضد قارچ) آمی‌تریپتیلین (ضدافسردگی سه‌حلقه‌ای) فلوکستین (ضدافسردگی SSRI) nateglinide (ضد دیابت) rosiglitazone (ضد دیابت) تاموکسیفن (SERM) torasemide (دیورتیک قوس هنله) THC JWH-018 AM-2201 لیمونن (مونوترپن) tapentadol (ضد درد) polyunsaturated fatty acids مونته‌لوکاست (leukotriene receptor antagonist) دیلتیازم (جزئی/سوبسترا) وراپامیل (جزئی/سوبسترا) کاندسارتان (سوبسترا) ایربسارتان (سوبسترای جزئی CYP2C9) آزیلسارتان (سوبسترای جزئی CYP2C9)	قوی میکونازول (ضد قارچ) آمنتوفلاون (ترکیبات کهن‌دار و گل راعی سولفافنازول (آنتی‌بیوتیک) والپروات (دارو ضد تشنج، داروهای تثبیت‌کننده خلق) Apigenin ملایم آمیودارون (داروهای ضد آریتمی) فلوکونازول (ضد قارچ) مترونیدازول (آنتی‌بیوتیک و ضد تک‌یاخته) فنیل‌بوتازون ضعیف ceritinib کوئرستین (یک فلاونول گیاهی) قدرت نامشخص آنتی‌هیستامین‌ها(آنتاگونیست H1) سیکلیزین پرومتازین کلرامفنیکل فنوفیبرات (فیبرات) فلاون‌ها فلاونول فلوواستاتین (استاتین) فلووکسامین (بازدارنده بازجذب سروتونین) ایزونیازید (در سل) لووستاتین (استاتین) مدافینیل فنیل‌بوتازون (NSAID) پروبنیسید (uricosuric) سرترالین (بازدارنده بازجذب سروتونین) سولفامتوکسازول (آنتی‌بیوتیک) تنیپوساید (شیمی‌درمانی) وریکونازول (ضد قارچ) زافیر لوکاست (leukotriene antagonist) تتراهیدروکانابینول، کانابیدیول، و cannabinol (ترکیبات شاهدانه) سسامین (یک lignan از زردچوب‌ها و کنجد) رسوراترول (یک stilbenoid گیاهی)	قوی ریفامپین (باکتری‌کش) سکوباربیتال (باربیتورات) ضعیف اپرپیتانت بوسنتان فنوباربیتال گل راعی

منابع

↑ GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000067231 - Ensembl, May 2017
↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ Romkes M, Faletto MB, Blaisdell JA, Raucy JL, Goldstein JA (April 1991). "Cloning and expression of complementary DNAs for multiple members of the human cytochrome P450IIC subfamily". Biochemistry. 30 (13): 3247–55. doi:10.1021/bi00227a012. PMID 2009263.
↑ Inoue K, Inazawa J, Suzuki Y, Shimada T, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Abe T (September 1994). "Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of chromosomal localization of three human cytochrome P450 2C genes (CYP2C8, 2C9, and 2C10) at 10q24.1". The Japanese Journal of Human Genetics. 39 (3): 337–43. doi:10.1007/BF01874052. PMID 7841444.
↑ "CYP2C9". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 29 March 2021. This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and its expression is induced by rifampin. The enzyme is known to metabolize many xenobiotics, including phenytoin, tolbutamide, ibuprofen and S-warfarin. Studies identifying individuals who are poor metabolizers of phenytoin and tolbutamide suggest that this gene is polymorphic. The gene is located within a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome 10q24.
↑ Sousa MC, Braga RC, Cintra BA, de Oliveira V, Andrade CH (2013). "In silico metabolism studies of dietary flavonoids by CYP1A2 and CYP2C9". Food Research International. 50: 102–110. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2012.09.027.
↑
↑ دارونامه: "Facts for prescribers (Fakta för förskrivare)". Swedish environmental classification of pharmaceuticals (به سوئدی).
↑ Guo Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Si D, Zhong D, Fawcett JP, Zhou H (June 2005). "Role of CYP2C9 and its variants (CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C9*13) in the metabolism of lornoxicam in humans". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 33 (6): 749–53. doi:10.1124/dmd.105.003616. PMID 15764711. S2CID 24199800.
↑ "ketoprofen | C16H14O3". PubChem.
↑ Abdullah Alkattan & Eman Alsalameen (2021) Polymorphisms of genes related to phase-I metabolic enzymes affecting the clinical efficacy and safety of clopidogrel treatment, Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1925249
↑ Bland TM, Haining RL, Tracy TS, Callery PS (October 2005). "CYP2C-catalyzed delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol metabolism: kinetics, pharmacogenetics and interaction with phenytoin". Biochemical Pharmacology. 70 (7): 1096–103. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2005.07.007. PMID 16112652.
↑ Patton AL, Seely KA, Yarbrough AL, Fantegrossi W, James LP, McCain KR, Fujiwara R, Prather PL, Moran JH, Radominska-Pandya A (April 2018). "Altered metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 by human cytochrome P450 2C9 and variants". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 498 (3): 597–602. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.028. PMC 6425723. PMID 29522717.
↑ Stout SM, Cimino NM (February 2014). "Exogenous cannabinoids as substrates, inhibitors, and inducers of human drug metabolizing enzymes: a systematic review". Drug Metabolism Reviews. 46 (1): 86–95. doi:10.3109/03602532.2013.849268. PMID 24160757. S2CID 29133059.
↑ Miyazawa M, Shindo M, Shimada T (May 2002). "Metabolism of (+)- and (-)-limonenes to respective carveols and perillyl alcohols by CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in human liver microsomes". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 30 (5): 602–7. doi:10.1124/dmd.30.5.602. PMID 11950794.
↑ Kosuge K, Jun Y, Watanabe H, Kimura M, Nishimoto M, Ishizaki T, Ohashi K (October 2001). "Effects of CYP3A4 inhibition by diltiazem on pharmacokinetics and dynamics of diazepam in relation to CYP2C19 genotype status". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 29 (10): 1284–9. PMID 11560871.
↑ Lutz JD, VandenBrink BM, Babu KN, Nelson WL, Kunze KL, Isoherranen N (December 2013). "Stereoselective inhibition of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 by fluoxetine and its metabolite: implications for risk assessment of multiple time-dependent inhibitor systems". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. American Society for Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET). 41 (12): 2056–65. doi:10.1124/dmd.113.052639. PMC 3834134. PMID 23785064.
↑ "Verapamil: Drug information. Lexicomp". UpToDate. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
↑ "CANDESARTAN - candesartan tablet". DailyMed. 2017-06-27. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
↑ "IRBESARTAN - irbesartan tablet". DailyMed. 2018-09-04. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
↑ "EDARBI- azilsartan kamedoxomil tablet". DailyMed. 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
↑ Kimura Y, Ito H, Ohnishi R, Hatano T (Jan 2010). "Inhibitory effects of polyphenols on human cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2C9 activity". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 48 (1): 429–35. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.10.041. PMID 19883715.
↑ Pan X, Tan N, Zeng G, Zhang Y, Jia R (October 2005). "Amentoflavone and its derivatives as novel natural inhibitors of human Cathepsin B". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 13 (20): 5819–25. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.071. PMID 16084098.
↑
↑ "Drug Development and Drug Interactions: Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers". FDA. 26 May 2021.
↑ Kudo T, Endo Y, Taguchi R, Yatsu M, Ito K (May 2015). "Metronidazole reduces the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes in HepaRG cells and cryopreserved human hepatocytes". Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 45 (5): 413–419. doi:10.3109/00498254.2014.990948. PMID 25470432. S2CID 26910995.
↑ Tirkkonen T, Heikkilä P, Huupponen R, Laine K (October 2010). "Potential CYP2C9-mediated drug-drug interactions in hospitalized type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated with the sulphonylureas glibenclamide, glimepiride or glipizide". Journal of Internal Medicine. 268 (4): 359–366. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02257.x. PMID 20698928. S2CID 45449460.
↑ He N, Zhang WQ, Shockley D, Edeki T (February 2002). "Inhibitory effects of H1-antihistamines on CYP2D6- and CYP2C9-mediated drug metabolic reactions in human liver microsomes". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 57 (12): 847–51. doi:10.1007/s00228-001-0399-0. PMID 11936702. S2CID 601644.
↑ Park JY, Kim KA, Kim SL (November 2003). "Chloramphenicol is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 47 (11): 3464–9. doi:10.1128/AAC.47.11.3464-3469.2003. PMC 253795. PMID 14576103.
↑ Robertson P, DeCory HH, Madan A, Parkinson A (June 2000). "In vitro inhibition and induction of human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes by modafinil". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 28 (6): 664–71. PMID 10820139.
↑ Yamaori S, Koeda K, Kushihara M, Hada Y, Yamamoto I, Watanabe K (2012-01-01). "Comparison in the in vitro inhibitory effects of major phytocannabinoids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contained in marijuana smoke on cytochrome P450 2C9 activity". Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 27 (3): 294–300. doi:10.2133/dmpk.DMPK-11-RG-107. PMID 22166891.
↑ Briguglio M, Hrelia S, Malaguti M, Serpe L, Canaparo R, Dell'Osso B, et al. (December 2018). "Food Bioactive Compounds and Their Interference in Drug Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Profiles". Pharmaceutics. 10 (4): 277. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics10040277. PMC 6321138. PMID 30558213.
↑ Huang TY, Yu CP, Hsieh YW, Lin SP, Hou YC (September 2020). "Resveratrol stereoselectively affected (±)warfarin pharmacokinetics and enhanced the anticoagulation effect". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 15910. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1015910H. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72694-0. PMC 7522226. PMID 32985569.
↑

مطالعه بیشتر

Goldstein JA, de Morais SM (December 1994). "Biochemistry and molecular biology of the human CYP2C subfamily". Pharmacogenetics. 4 (6): 285–99. doi:10.1097/00008571-199412000-00001. PMID 7704034.
Miners JO, Birkett DJ (June 1998). "Cytochrome P4502C9: an enzyme of major importance in human drug metabolism". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 45 (6): 525–38. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00721.x. PMC 1873650. PMID 9663807.
Smith G, Stubbins MJ, Harries LW, Wolf CR (December 1998). "Molecular genetics of the human cytochrome P450 monooxygenase superfamily". Xenobiotica. 28 (12): 1129–65. doi:10.1080/004982598238868. PMID 9890157.
Henderson RF (June 2001). "Species differences in the metabolism of olefins: implications for risk assessment". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 135–136: 53–64. doi:10.1016/S0009-2797(01)00170-3. PMID 11397381.
Xie HG, Prasad HC, Kim RB, Stein CM (November 2002). "CYP2C9 allelic variants: ethnic distribution and functional significance". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 54 (10): 1257–70. doi:10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00076-5. PMID 12406644.
Palkimas MP, Skinner HM, Gandhi PJ, Gardner AJ (June 2003). "Polymorphism induced sensitivity to warfarin: a review of the literature". Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis. 15 (3): 205–12. doi:10.1023/B:THRO.0000011376.12309.af. PMID 14739630. S2CID 20497247.
Daly AK, Aithal GP (August 2003). "Genetic regulation of warfarin metabolism and response". Seminars in Vascular Medicine. 3 (3): 231–8. doi:10.1055/s-2003-44458. PMID 15199455.

پیوند به بیرون

PharmGKB: Annotated PGx Gene Information for CYP2C9
SuperCYP: Database for Drug-Cytochrome-Interactions بایگانی‌شده در ۳ نوامبر ۲۰۱۱ توسط Wayback Machine
PharmVar Database for CYP2C9

مکان ژنوم CYP2C9 انسانی و صفحهٔ جزئیات ژنی CYP2C9 در سامانه جستجوی بانک ژنی دانشگاه کالیفرنیا، سانتا کروز.

[refGRCm38Ensembl-1] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000067231 - Ensembl, May 2017

[2] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[3] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid_2009263-4] Romkes M, Faletto MB, Blaisdell JA, Raucy JL, Goldstein JA (April 1991). "Cloning and expression of complementary DNAs for multiple members of the human cytochrome P450IIC subfamily". Biochemistry. 30 (13): 3247–55. doi:10.1021/bi00227a012. PMID 2009263.

[pmid_7841444-5] Inoue K, Inazawa J, Suzuki Y, Shimada T, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Abe T (September 1994). "Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of chromosomal localization of three human cytochrome P450 2C genes (CYP2C8, 2C9, and 2C10) at 10q24.1". The Japanese Journal of Human Genetics. 39 (3): 337–43. doi:10.1007/BF01874052. PMID 7841444.

[ncbi1559-6] "CYP2C9". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 29 March 2021. This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and its expression is induced by rifampin. The enzyme is known to metabolize many xenobiotics, including phenytoin, tolbutamide, ibuprofen and S-warfarin. Studies identifying individuals who are poor metabolizers of phenytoin and tolbutamide suggest that this gene is polymorphic. The gene is located within a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome 10q24.

[S0963996912003869-7] Sousa MC, Braga RC, Cintra BA, de Oliveira V, Andrade CH (2013). "In silico metabolism studies of dietary flavonoids by CYP1A2 and CYP2C9". Food Research International. 50: 102–110. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2012.09.027.

[Flockhart-8] ↑

[FASS-9] دارونامه: "Facts for prescribers (Fakta för förskrivare)". Swedish environmental classification of pharmaceuticals (به سوئدی).

[pmid15764711-10] Guo Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Si D, Zhong D, Fawcett JP, Zhou H (June 2005). "Role of CYP2C9 and its variants (CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C9*13) in the metabolism of lornoxicam in humans". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 33 (6): 749–53. doi:10.1124/dmd.105.003616. PMID 15764711. S2CID 24199800.

[Ketoprofen,_PubChem-11] "ketoprofen | C16H14O3". PubChem.

[12] Abdullah Alkattan & Eman Alsalameen (2021) Polymorphisms of genes related to phase-I metabolic enzymes affecting the clinical efficacy and safety of clopidogrel treatment, Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1925249

[pmid16112652-13] Bland TM, Haining RL, Tracy TS, Callery PS (October 2005). "CYP2C-catalyzed delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol metabolism: kinetics, pharmacogenetics and interaction with phenytoin". Biochemical Pharmacology. 70 (7): 1096–103. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2005.07.007. PMID 16112652.

[pmid29522717-14] Patton AL, Seely KA, Yarbrough AL, Fantegrossi W, James LP, McCain KR, Fujiwara R, Prather PL, Moran JH, Radominska-Pandya A (April 2018). "Altered metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 by human cytochrome P450 2C9 and variants". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 498 (3): 597–602. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.028. PMC 6425723. PMID 29522717.

[15] Stout SM, Cimino NM (February 2014). "Exogenous cannabinoids as substrates, inhibitors, and inducers of human drug metabolizing enzymes: a systematic review". Drug Metabolism Reviews. 46 (1): 86–95. doi:10.3109/03602532.2013.849268. PMID 24160757. S2CID 29133059.

[16] Miyazawa M, Shindo M, Shimada T (May 2002). "Metabolism of (+)- and (-)-limonenes to respective carveols and perillyl alcohols by CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in human liver microsomes". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 30 (5): 602–7. doi:10.1124/dmd.30.5.602. PMID 11950794.

[Kosuge_Jun_Watanabe_Kimura_2001_pp._1284–9-17] Kosuge K, Jun Y, Watanabe H, Kimura M, Nishimoto M, Ishizaki T, Ohashi K (October 2001). "Effects of CYP3A4 inhibition by diltiazem on pharmacokinetics and dynamics of diazepam in relation to CYP2C19 genotype status". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 29 (10): 1284–9. PMID 11560871.

[Lutz_VandenBrink_Babu_Nelson_2013_pp._2056–2065-18] Lutz JD, VandenBrink BM, Babu KN, Nelson WL, Kunze KL, Isoherranen N (December 2013). "Stereoselective inhibition of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 by fluoxetine and its metabolite: implications for risk assessment of multiple time-dependent inhibitor systems". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. American Society for Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET). 41 (12): 2056–65. doi:10.1124/dmd.113.052639. PMC 3834134. PMID 23785064.

[UpToDate-19] "Verapamil: Drug information. Lexicomp". UpToDate. Retrieved 2019-01-13.

[CANDESARTAN_2017-20] "CANDESARTAN - candesartan tablet". DailyMed. 2017-06-27. Retrieved 2019-02-06.

[IRBESARTAN_2018-21] "IRBESARTAN - irbesartan tablet". DailyMed. 2018-09-04. Retrieved 2019-02-06.

[EDARBI_2018-22] "EDARBI- azilsartan kamedoxomil tablet". DailyMed. 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2019-02-06.

[pmid19883715-23] Kimura Y, Ito H, Ohnishi R, Hatano T (Jan 2010). "Inhibitory effects of polyphenols on human cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2C9 activity". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 48 (1): 429–35. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.10.041. PMID 19883715.

[pmid16084098-24] Pan X, Tan N, Zeng G, Zhang Y, Jia R (October 2005). "Amentoflavone and its derivatives as novel natural inhibitors of human Cathepsin B". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 13 (20): 5819–25. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.071. PMID 16084098.

[pmid19074529-25] ↑

[FDA_drug_development-26] "Drug Development and Drug Interactions: Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers". FDA. 26 May 2021.

[27] Kudo T, Endo Y, Taguchi R, Yatsu M, Ito K (May 2015). "Metronidazole reduces the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes in HepaRG cells and cryopreserved human hepatocytes". Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 45 (5): 413–419. doi:10.3109/00498254.2014.990948. PMID 25470432. S2CID 26910995.

[28] Tirkkonen T, Heikkilä P, Huupponen R, Laine K (October 2010). "Potential CYP2C9-mediated drug-drug interactions in hospitalized type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated with the sulphonylureas glibenclamide, glimepiride or glipizide". Journal of Internal Medicine. 268 (4): 359–366. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02257.x. PMID 20698928. S2CID 45449460.

[pmid11936702-29] He N, Zhang WQ, Shockley D, Edeki T (February 2002). "Inhibitory effects of H1-antihistamines on CYP2D6- and CYP2C9-mediated drug metabolic reactions in human liver microsomes". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 57 (12): 847–51. doi:10.1007/s00228-001-0399-0. PMID 11936702. S2CID 601644.

[pmid14576103-30] Park JY, Kim KA, Kim SL (November 2003). "Chloramphenicol is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 47 (11): 3464–9. doi:10.1128/AAC.47.11.3464-3469.2003. PMC 253795. PMID 14576103.

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