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تغیر مسیر یافته از - فهرست برندگان یهودی جایزه نوبل
زمان تقریبی مطالعه: 16 دقیقه
لینک کوتاه

فهرست یهودیان برنده جایزه نوبل

برندگان یهودی جایزه‌های نوبل بر پایهٔ رشته‌های مختلف در زیر فهرست شده‌اند:

فهرست

  • ۱ ادبیات
  • ۲ شیمی
  • ۳ پزشکی
  • ۴ فیزیک
  • ۵ صلح
  • ۶ اقتصاد
  • ۷ جستارهای وابسته
  • ۸ منابع
  • ۹ اطلاعات بیشتر
  • ۱۰ پیوند به بیرون

ادبیات

سال برندهکشوردلیل
۱۹۱۰
پال هیزهآلمان "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"
۱۹۲۷
آنری برگسونفرانسه "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"
۱۹۵۸ بوریس پاسترناکجماهیر شوروی "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"
۱۹۶۶
شموئل یوسف آگنوناسرائیل "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"
 		نلی زاکسآلمان "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"
۱۹۷۶ سال بلوایالات متحده "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"
۱۹۷۸ ایزاک بشویس سینگرایالات متحده "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"
۱۹۸۱
الیاس کانتیانگلستان "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"
۱۹۸۷ ایوسیف برودسکیایالات متحده "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"
۱۹۹۱
نادین گوردیمرآفریقای جنوبی "who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity"
۲۰۰۲
ایمره کرتسمجارستان "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"
۲۰۰۴
الفریده یلینکاتریش "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"
۲۰۰۵ هارولد پینترانگلستان "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"

شیمی

Year برندهکشوردلیل
۱۹۰۵
آدولف فون بایرآلمان "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"
۱۹۰۶
هانری مواسانفرانسه "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"
۱۹۱۰
اوتو والاخآلمان "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of ترکیب‌های آلیفاتیک حلقویs"
۱۹۱۵
ریچارد ویلشتترآلمان "for his researches on plant pigments, especially سبزینه"
۱۹۱۸
فریتس هابرآلمان "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"
۱۹۴۳
گئورگ دو هوسیمجارستان "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"
۱۹۶۱
ملوین کالوینایالات متحده "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
۱۹۶۲ ماکس پراتزانگلستان "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"
۱۹۷۲ ویلیام اشتینایالات متحده "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"
۱۹۷۷ ایلیا پریگوژین بلژیک "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"
۱۹۷۹ هربرت براون ایالات متحده "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
۱۹۸۰
پل برگایالات متحده "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
 		والتر گیلبرتایالات متحده "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
۱۹۸۱
رولد هافمنایالات متحده "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"
۱۹۸۲ ارون کلوگانگلستان "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"
۱۹۸۵
جروم کارل ایالات متحده "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
 		هربرت هاپتمن ایالات متحده
۱۹۸۹ سیدنی آلتمنکانادا
ایالات متحده 		"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
۱۹۹۲
رادولف مارکوسایالات متحده "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
۱۹۹۸
والتر کوهنایالات متحده "for his development of the density-functional theory"
۲۰۰۴
هارون تسیخانوور اسرائیل "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
 		افرام هرشکو اسرائیل
اروین روز ایالات متحده
۲۰۰۶
راجر کورنبرگ ایالات متحده "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"
۲۰۰۹
عادا یونات اسرائیل "for studies of the structure and function of the ریبوزوم"

پزشکی

سال برندگانکشوردلیل
۱۹۰۸
ایلیا مچنیکوRussia "in recognition of their work on immunity"
پل الریخآلمان
۱۹۱۴
رابرت بارانیAustria "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"
۱۹۲۲ اتو فریتز میرهوفآلمان "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the دگرگشت of اسید لاکتیک in the muscle"
۱۹۳۰
کارل لندستینرAustria "for his discovery of human blood groups"
۱۹۳۱ اتو واربورگآلمان "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"
۱۹۳۶ اتو لویAustria "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"
۱۹۴۴ جوزف ارلنگرایالات متحده "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single آسهs"
هربرت اسپنسر گسر
۱۹۴۵ ارنست چینانگلستان "for the discovery of پنی‌سیلین and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"
۱۹۴۶ هرمان جوزف مولرایالات متحده "for the discovery of the production of جهشs by means of پرتو ایکس irradiation"
۱۹۴۷
جرتی کوری United States "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of گلیکوژن"
۱۹۵۰
تادئوس ریچستینSwitzerland "for their discoveries relating to the هورمونs of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
۱۹۵۲
سلمان واکسمنایالات متحده "for his discovery of استرپتومایسین, the first آنتی‌بیوتیک effective against سل"
۱۹۵۳ هانس آدولف کربسانگلستان "for his discovery of the چرخه اسید سیتریک"
 		فریتس لیپمانایالات متحده "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"
۱۹۵۸
جاشوآ لدربرگایالات متحده "for his discoveries concerning نوترکیبی ژنی and the organization of the genetic material of باکتری"
۱۹۵۹
آرتور کورنبرگایالات متحده "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of آران‌ای and دی‌ان‌ای"
۱۹۶۴
کنراد امیل بلوکایالات متحده "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the کلسترول and اسید چرب دگرگشت"
۱۹۶۵ فرانسوا یاکوبFrance "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"
آندره لووف
۱۹۶۷ جورج والدایالات متحده "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
۱۹۶۸
مارشال وارن نیرنبرگایالات متحده "for their interpretation of the رمز ژنتیکی and its function in protein synthesis"
۱۹۶۹
سالوادور لوریاایالات متحده "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of ویروس (زیستی)es"
۱۹۷۰
ژولیوس اکسلرادایالات متحده "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"
برنارد کتسانگلستان
۱۹۷۲ جرالد ادلمنایالات متحده "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of پادتن"
۱۹۷۵
دیوید بالتیمورایالات متحده "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
هوآرد تمینایالات متحده
۱۹۷۶ باروخ ساموئل بلومبرگایالات متحده "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
۱۹۷۷
اندرو شالی ایالات متحده "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the مغز"
روزالین سوسمن یالوایالات متحده "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"
۱۹۷۸ دنیل ناتانسایالات متحده "for the discovery of اندونوکلئازهای محدودکنندهs and their application to problems of ژنتیک مولکولی"
۱۹۸۰ باروخ بن الصرافایالات متحده "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
۱۹۸۲ جان وین (داروشناس) انگلستان "for his discoveries concerning پروستاگلاندینs and related biologically active substances"
۱۹۸۴
سزار میلستینآرژانتین
انگلستان 		"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the دستگاه ایمنی and the discovery of the principle for production of پادتن‌های تک‌تیره"
۱۹۸۵
مایکل اس. براونایالات متحده "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of کلسترول دگرگشت"
 		جوزف ال. گلدستینایالات متحده
۱۹۸۶
Stanley Cohenایالات متحده "for their discoveries of growth factors"
 		ریتا لوی مونتالچینیItaly
۱۹۸۸
گرترود بی. الیونایالات متحده "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
۱۹۸۹
هارولد وارموسایالات متحده "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral آنکوژنs"
۱۹۹۲ ادموند اچ. فیشر Switzerland
United States 		"for his discoveries concerning reversible پروتئین فسفرگیری as a biological regulatory mechanism"
۱۹۹۴ آلفرد جی. گیلمانایالات متحده "for their discovery of جی پروتئینs and the role of these proteins in ورارسانی پیام in cells"
 		مارتین رادبل
۱۹۹۷
استنلی پریسینرایالات متحده "for his discovery of پریونs – a new biological principle of infection"
۱۹۹۸
رابرت فرانسیس فوچگاتایالات متحده "for their discoveries concerning نیتریک اکسید as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
۲۰۰۰
پائول گرینگاردایالات متحده "for their discoveries concerning ورارسانی پیام in the دستگاه عصبی"
 		اریک کندلایالات متحده
۲۰۰۲ سیدنی برنرانگلستان "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
رابرت هرویتسایالات متحده
۲۰۰۴ ریچارد اکسل ایالات متحده "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the دستگاه بویایی"
۲۰۰۶
اندرو فایر ایالات متحده "for his discovery of آران‌ای سرکوبگر – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"
۲۰۱۱
بروس بویتلر ایالات متحده آمریکا به خاطر «اکتشافات فعال‌سازی سیستم ایمنی ذاتی بدن».
رالف استاینمن کانادا
۲۰۱۳ جیمز روثمن United States for "their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
 		رندی شکمن United States

فیزیک

سال برندگانکشوردلیل
۱۹۰۷
آلبرت آبراهام مایکلسونایالات متحده "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"
۱۹۰۸
گابریل لیپمنفرانسه "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"
۱۹۲۱
آلبرت اینشتینآلمان "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the اثر فوتوالکتریک"
۱۹۲۲
نیلز بوردانمارک "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"
۱۹۲۵
جیمز فرانکآلمان "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an الکترون upon an atom"
Gustav Hertzآلمان
۱۹۴۳ اتو اشترنایالات متحده "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the گشتاور مغناطیسی of the پروتون"
۱۹۴۴
ایزیدور ایزاک رابیایالات متحده "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
۱۹۴۵
Wolfgang Pauliاتریش "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the اصل طرد پاولی"
۱۹۵۲
فلیکس بلاکایالات متحده "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
۱۹۵۴
ماکس برنانگلستان "for his fundamental research in مکانیک کوانتوم, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"
۱۹۵۸
لیا فرانک اتحاد جماهیر شوروی "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
ایگور یوگنیویچ تاماتحاد جماهیر شوروی
۱۹۵۹
Emilio Gino Segrèایتالیا "for their discovery of the پادپروتون"
۱۹۶۰
دونالد آرتور گلایزر ایالات متحده "for the invention of the bubble chamber"
۱۹۶۱
رابرت هافستاترایالات متحده "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"
۱۹۶۲ لو لاندائواتحاد جماهیر شوروی "for his pioneering theories for فیزیک ماده چگال, especially liquid helium"
۱۹۶۳ Eugene Paul Wigner ایالات متحده "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
۱۹۶۵
ریچارد فاینمنایالات متحده "for their fundamental work in الکترودینامیک کوانتومی, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
 		جولیان شوینگرایالات متحده
۱۹۶۷
هانس بتهایالات متحده "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in ستارهs"
۱۹۶۹
موری گل‌مانایالات متحده "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
۱۹۷۱ دنیس گابورانگلستان "for his invention and development of the holographic method"
۱۹۷۲ لئون نیل کوپر ایالات متحده "for his jointly developed theory of ابررسانایی, usually called the نظریه بی‌سی‌اس"
۱۹۷۳ بریان دیوید جوزفسونانگلستان "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"
۱۹۷۵
بن روی ماتلسندانمارک "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
۱۹۷۶
برتون ریشترایالات متحده "for his pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
۱۹۷۸
آرنو آلان پنزیاسایالات متحده "for his discovery of تابش زمینه کیهانی"
۱۹۷۹
شلدون لی گلاشوایالات متحده "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
 		استیون واینبرگایالات متحده
۱۹۸۸
لیان لدرمنایالات متحده "for the نوترینو beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the لپتونs through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
ملوین شوارتزایالات متحده
جک اشتینبرگرایالات متحده
۱۹۹۰ جروم ایزاک فریدمانایالات متحده "for his pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
۱۹۹۲
جورج چرپک فرانسه "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"
۱۹۹۵
مارتین لویز پرلایالات متحده "for the discovery of the تاو (ذره)" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to لپتون physics"
 		فردریک رینزایالات متحده "for the detection of the نوترینو" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to لپتون physics"
۱۹۹۶ David Morris Leeایالات متحده "for their discovery of ابرشارهity in helium-3"
 		داگلاس دین اشرفتایالات متحده
۱۹۹۷
کلود کوهن تانوژیفرانسه "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
۲۰۰۰
ژورس آلفروفروسیه "for developing نیمه‌رسانا heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"
۲۰۰۳
آلکسی آلکسیویچ آبریکوسوف روسیه
ایالات متحده آمریکا 		"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
 		ویتالی لازاریویچ گینزبرگ روسیه
۲۰۰۴
دیوید گراس ایالات متحده "for the discovery of آزادی مجانبی in the theory of the نیروی هسته‌ای قوی"
دیوید پولیتزر ایالات متحده
۲۰۰۵
روی جی. گلوبر ایالات متحده "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"
۲۰۱۱
آدم ریس آمریکا "برای کشف انبساط شتابان جهان از طریق ابرنواخترهای دوردست."
 		سال پرلموتر آمریکا
۲۰۱۲
سرژ هاروش فرانسه "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"
۲۰۱۳
فرانسوا انگلرت بلژیک "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"

صلح

سال برندهکشوردلیل
۱۹۱۱
توبیاس آسرThe Netherlands "Initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law at the Hague; Cabinet Minister; Lawyer"
 		آلفرد فریدAustria "Journalist; Founder of Die Friedenswarte"
۱۹۶۸
رنه کسنفرانسه "President of the European Court for Human Rights"
۱۹۷۳
Henry A. KissingerUnited States "For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam War and a withdrawal of the American forces"
۱۹۷۸
مناخم بگیناسرائیل "for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"
۱۹۸۶
الی ویزلUnited States "Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""
۱۹۹۴
اسحاق رابیناسرائیل "to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East."
 		شیمون پرزاسرائیل
۱۹۹۵
ژوزف روتبلات United Kingdom
Poland 		"for his efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"

اقتصاد

سال برندهکشوردلیل
۱۹۷۰ پل ساموئلسونUnited States "for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"
۱۹۷۱ سیمون کوزنتسUnited States "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"
۱۹۷۲
کنت آروUnited States "for his pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"
۱۹۷۳ واسیلی لئونتیف Russia
Germany
United States 		"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"
۱۹۷۵
لئونید کانتوروویچRussia
Germany
United States 		"for his contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"
۱۹۷۶ میلتون فریدمنUnited States "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy"
۱۹۷۸ هربرت الکساندر سیمونUnited States "for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations"
۱۹۸۰ لارنس کلاینUnited States "for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"
۱۹۸۵
فرانکو مودیلیانیItaly
United States 		"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"
۱۹۸۷
رابرت سولوUnited States "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth""
۱۹۹۰ هری مارکوویتزUnited States "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics""
مرتون میلر ایالات متحده
۱۹۹۲
گری بکرUnited States "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour""
۱۹۹۳
رابرت فوگلUnited States "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"
۱۹۹۴ جان هارسانیHungary
United States 		"for his pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games">
۲۰۰۱
جوزف استیگلیتزUnited States "for his analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
۲۰۰۲
دانیل کاهنمنIsrael
United States 		"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"
۲۰۰۵
روبرت اوئمانIsrael
United States 		"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"
۲۰۰۷
لئونید هورویچایالات متحده "For having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
 		اریک ماسکین ایالات متحده
راجر میرسون ایالات متحده
۲۰۰۸
پل کروگمنUnited States "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"
۲۰۱۰
پیتر دیاموند United States "for his analysis of markets with search frictions"
۲۰۱۲
الوین رات United States "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"

جستارهای وابسته

  • فهرست برندگان جایزه نوبل
  • جایزه گودل
  • جایزه تورینگ
  • مدال فیلدز
  • فهرست مسیحیان برنده جایزه نوبل
  • فهرست مسلمانان برنده جایزه نوبل
  • هوش یهودیان اشکنازی

منابع

کلی

  • "All Nobel Laureates in Literature". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.

ویژه
  1. ↑ Schreiber, Mordecai; Schiff, Alvin I.; Klenicki, Leon, eds. (2003), "Jewish Nobel Prize Winners", The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia, Schreiber Publishing, p. 198, ISBN 1887563776
  2. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature ۱۹۱۰". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  3. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature ۱۹۲۷". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  4. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature ۱۹۵۸". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  5. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature ۱۹۶۶". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  6. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature ۱۹۷۶". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  7. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature ۱۹۷۸". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  8. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature ۱۹۸۱". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  9. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature ۱۹۸۷". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  10. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature ۱۹۹۱". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  11. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature ۲۰۰۲". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  12. ↑ Matthias Konzett (2007). Elfriede Jelinek: writing woman, nation, and identity : a critical anthology. p. ۱۵. ISBN 0838641547. Born to a Catholic mother and a non-practicing father of Jewish descent, she [Jelinek] ...
  13. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature ۲۰۰۴". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  14. ↑ Billington, Michael (2007). Harold Pinter. London: Faber and Faber. p. ۲. .
  15. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature ۲۰۰۵". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  16. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  17. ↑ Joan Comay (1995). Who's who in Jewish history: after the period of the Old Testament. Routledge. p. 264. ISBN 0415125839. Moissan, whose mother was Jewish, [...]
  18. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  19. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  20. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  21. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  22. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  23. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
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  26. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  27. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  28. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  29. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  30. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  31. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  32. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  33. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  34. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  35. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  36. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  37. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  38. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
  39. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  40. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  41. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  42. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  43. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  44. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  45. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  46. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  47. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  48. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  49. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  50. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  51. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  52. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  53. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  54. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  55. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  56. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  57. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  58. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  59. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  60. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  61. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  62. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  63. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  64. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  65. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  66. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  67. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  68. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  69. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  70. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  71. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  72. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  73. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  74. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  75. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  76. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  77. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  78. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  79. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  80. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011", Nobel Foundation (به انگلیسی) Retrieved on 2011-10-05.
  81. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011". Nobel Foundation.
  82. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  83. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  84. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  85. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  86. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  87. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  88. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  89. ↑ Pauli had three Jewish grandparents. When discussing his plans to leave Switzerland in 1940, he wrote "Actually I suppose I am under German law 75 per cent Jewish." "Wolfgang Pauli – Failed naturalisation and departure to the USA". Archived from the original on 13 September 2009. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  90. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  91. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  92. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  93. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  94. ↑
    • Marshall Sklare (1982). Understanding American Jewry. Transaction Publishers. p. 108. ISBN 9780878554546.
    • Alan Symons (2000). Nobel laureates, 1901–2000. Polo Publishing. p. 202. ISBN 0952375133. Tamm was born in Vladivostok, Russia on July 8, 1895 into an old established Jewish family.
    • Joan Comay; Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok (2002). Who's who in Jewish history: after the period of the Old Testament. Routledge. p. 362. ISBN 9780415260305.
    • Bernard S. Schlessinger; June H. Schlessinger (1996). The who's who of Nobel Prize winners, 1901-1995. Oryx Press. p. 201. ISBN 9780897748995. Parents: Father, Evgen Tamm; Mother, Olga Davidova Tamm. Nationality: Russian. Religion: Jewish.
    • Ioan Mackenzie James (2009). Driven to innovate: a century of Jewish mathematicians and physicists. Peter Lang. p. 262. ISBN 9781906165222.
  95. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  96. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  97. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  98. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  99. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  100. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  101. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  102. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  103. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  104. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  105. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  106. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  107. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  108. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  109. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  110. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  111. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  112. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  113. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  114. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  115. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  116. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  117. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  118. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  119. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  120. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics ۲۰۱۱". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  121. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013". Nobel Foundation.
  122. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1911". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  123. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1968". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  124. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1973". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
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  126. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1978". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
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  129. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1995". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
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  131. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1971". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  132. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1972". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  133. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1973". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  134. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1975". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  135. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1976". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  136. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1978". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  137. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1980". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  138. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1985". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  139. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1987". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  140. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1990". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  141. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1992". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  142. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1993". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  143. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 1994". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  144. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 2001". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  145. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Economics 2002". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
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اطلاعات بیشتر

  • Charpa, Ulrich; Deichmann, Ute. (eds.) (2007). Jews and Sciences in German Contexts: Case Studies From the 19th and 20th Centuries, Mohr Siebeck, pp. 23–25.
  • Feldman, Burton (2001). The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige, Arcade Publishing, pp. 407–10.
  • Julius, Anthony (1995). T. S. Eliot, Anti-Semitism, and Literary Form, انتشارات دانشگاه کمبریج, p. 266.
  • Lazarus, William P.; Sullivan, Mark. (2008). Comparative Religion For Dummies, جان وایلی و پسران, p. 45.
  • Patai, Raphael (1996). The Jewish Mind, Wayne State University Press, pp. 339–42.
  • Rubinstein, W. D. (1982). The Left, the Right and the Jews, Croom Helm , p. 63.
  • Scharfstein, Sol (1999). Understanding Jewish Holidays and Customs: Historical and Contemporary, KTAV Publishing House, p. 168.
  • Shalev, Baruch Aba (2005). 100 Years of Nobel Prizes, The Americas Group, first publishing in 2002.
  • Weiss, Mosheh (2004). A Brief History of the Jewish People, Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 216–17.
  • Zuckerman, Harriet (1996). Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States, انتشارات ترانسکشن, originally publishing in 1977, pp. 71–78.

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