افشین

افشین
افشین
نام(های) مستعار	الافشین
زاده	قرن هشتم; اسروشنه
درگذشته	ژوئن ۸۴۱; سامرا
وفاداری	خلافت عباسیان
شاخه نظامی	سپاه خلیفه عباسی
درجه	ارتشبد

حیدر پسر کاووس شاهزاده اسروشنه که با نام افشین شناخته شده‌است (اسروشنه، کوهستانی مابین سمرقند و خوجنده است)، از شخصیت‌های نامدار تاریخ ایران است که در قرون اولیه پس از تسلط خلفای عباسیان بر ایران می‌زیست. افشین عنوان موروثی شاهان اسروشنه در آن زمان بوده‌است. این نام عربی شده این نام در پارسی میانه یعنی شیر درنده و در اوستایی معنی پیسینه یا همان شیر درنده را دارد. هرچند مینورسکی اعتقاد دارد این نام منشا سغدی دارد. در طول زمانی که برای اولین بار اعراب بر منطقه اشروسنه دست یافتند مردمان این ناحیه از مردمان ایرانی تشکیل یافته بودند که شاهزادگانی که خود عنوان افشین را داشتند آن را اداره می‌کردند.

به‌طور کلی افشین یک ایرانی محسوب می‌شود. ولی به هر حال دو منبع کلاسیک (و برخی از نویسندگان) وی را ترک معرفی می‌کند. او از یک منطقه فرهنگی ایرانی آمده که عموماً ترک به حساب نمی‌آمدند. این دوگانگی از آنجا به وجود آمده‌است که نویسندگان عرب واژه ترک را به صورت بی قاعده برای نیروهای تازه خلیفه که در میان آن‌ها برخی از ایرانی‌تباران فرغانه و اسروشنه نیز بودند بکار می‌بردند. به نوشته ابوالفضل بیهقی نام افشین، «اشناس» بوده‌است، ضبط مشهور در این کلمه به ضم اول است، اما بعضی از افاضل آن را به فتح اول [یعنی اَشناس] نیز آورده‌اند.

اَفشین یکی از سرداران ایرانی در دربارمأمون و المعتصم بالله خلفای عباسی بود. او در جنگ میان بابک خرم‌دین و خلیفه عرب، از جانب خلیفه مأمور دستگیری بابک شد و او را به نیرنگ و پس از جنگ‌های بسیار دستگیر کرد و به خلیفه تحویل داد تا مورد توجه خلیفه قرار گیرد و به آرزوهای دیرین خود که رسیدن به ثروت و فرمانروایی خراسان بود برسد ولی طاهریان بر خراسان فرمانروایی داشتند از این رو افشین با طاهریان دشمنی می‌ورزید و به همین سبب مازیار را به خیزش بر خلیفه و دشمنی با طاهریان فراخواند و به او وعده کمک داد تا بتواند به وسیله او طاهریان را که در برابر آرزوهای خود می‌دید از میان بردارد اما مازیار به دست طاهریان افتاد و شکست خورد. افشین که جایگاه خود را در نزد خلیفه سست می‌دید و همه آرزوهایش را بر باد رفته دید چاره را در فرار دید و برای بدست آوردن فرصت فرار تصمیم به برگزاری یک مهمانی را گرفت تا در آن خلیفه و همراهانش را بکشد ولی یکی از یارانش به نام بیژن این نقشه را به خلیفه می‌گوید و افشین و کسان او اسیر می‌شوند و او را محاکمه می‌کنند و می‌کشند.

افشین

به حاکمان اسروشنه افشین می‌گفتند. حمزه اصفهانی مورخ قرن سوم در شرح دیوان ابونواس می‌گوید:

شاهنشاهان ایران روا می‌داشتند که هر یک از شاهان اطراف خود را به نامی که بدان مشهورست بخوانند و مثلاً هر که را که شاه بامیان بود شیر می‌گفتند و هر که را شاه مرو بود کنارنگ می‌گفتند و شاه دماوند را مصمغان و شاه گرگان را صول (چول) و شاه طبرستان را بدشخواگرشاه و شاه اسروشنه را افشین و شاه سغد و فرغانه را اخشید می‌گفتند و می‌گفتند: اخشید سغد و اخشید فرغانه و شیر بامیان و کنارنگ مرو و افشین اسروشنه.

جستارهای وابسته

پانویس

↑ "Afshin",Encyclopedia of Islam
↑ C. Edmund Bosworth(2005), "OSRUŠANA " in Encyclopædia Iranica. Accessed November 2010 [۱] "At the time of the Arab incursions into Transoxania, Osrušana had its own line of Iranian princes, the Afšins (Ebn Ḵordāḏbeh, p. 40), of whom the most famous was the general of the caliph Moʿtaṣem (q.v. 833-42), the Afšin Ḵayḏar or Ḥaydar b. Kāvus (d. 841; see AFŠIN)", "The region was little urbanized, and it long preserved its ancient Iranian feudal and patriarchal society. "
↑ C.E. Bosworth. "Afshin". Encyclopædia Iranica. During the reign of the caliph Mahdi (158-69/775-85) the Afshin of Oshrusana is mentioned among several Iranian and Turkish rulers of Transoxania and the Central Asian steppes who submitted nominally to him (Yaqubi, II, p. 479)
↑ V. Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian history, Cambridge University Press, 1957, (footnote on page 111).
↑ Kramers, J.H. "Usrūshana." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007
↑ Lewis,Bernard. "The Political Language of Islam", Published by University of Chicago Press, 1991. excerpt from pg 482: "Babak's Iranianizing Rebellion in Azerbaijan gave occasion for sentiments at the capital to harden against men who were sympathetic to the more explicitly Iranian tradition. Victor (837) over Babak was al-Afshin, who was the hereditary Persian ruler of a district beyond the Oxus, but also a masterful general for the caliph."
↑ Clifford Edmund Bosworth (Translator with Commentary), The History of al-Tabari Vol. 33 "Storm and Stress along the Northern Frontiers of the 'Abbasid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Mu'tasim A.D. 833-842/A.H. 218-227", SUNY Press, 1991. Footenote 176 on pg 59: "Abu Dulaf's contigent of volunteers from lower Iraq would be mainly Arabs, and there seems in fact to have been hostility between him, as a representative of Arab influence at the caliphate court, and the Iranian Al-Afshin"
↑ P.B. Golden, "Khazar Turkic Ghulams in Caliphal Service", Journial Asiatique, 2004, vol. 292. pg 292:Some of the soldiers were slaves, others, such as al-Afshin, the scion of a ruling Central Asian (Ustrushana/Ushrusana) Iranian family, clearly were not".
↑ Mottahedeh, Roy, "The Abbassid Caliphate in Iran", Cambridge History of Iran, IV, ed. R.N. Frye, 57-89. 1975 pg 75:" Al Mu'atism chose for this task the Afshin, the Iranian king of Ushrusuna".
↑ D. Pipes. Turks in Early Muslim Service — JTS, 1978, 2, 85—96. excerpt:"Although two classical sources claim him a Turk, he came from Farghana, an Iranian cultural region and was not usually considered Turkish"
↑ Sourdel, D. "The Abbasid Caliphate." Pages 104-39 in P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History of Islam, I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Quote from Pg 125: "and finally of Mazyar, a local chieftain of Tabaristan, against whom the caliph sent the Turkish general Afshin, the conqueror of Babak"
↑ M.A. Shaban, “Islamic History”, Cambridge University Press, v.2 1978. Page 63:"These new troops were the so-called “Turks”. It must be said without hesitation that this is the most misleading misnomer which has led some scholars to harp ad nauseam on utterly unfounded interpretation of the following era, during which they unreasonably ascribe all events to Turkish domination. In fact the great majority of these troops were not Turks. It has been frequently pointed out that Arabic sources use the term Turk in a very loose manner. The Hephthalites are referred to as Turks, so are the peoples of Gurgan, Khwarizm and Sistan. Indeed, with the exception of the Soghdians, Arabic sources refer to all peoples not subjects of the Sassanian empire as Turks. In Samarra separate quarters were provided for new recruits from every locality. The group from Farghana were called after their district, and the name continued in usage because it was easy to pronounce. But such groups as the Ishtakhanjiyya, the Isbijabbiya and groups from similar localities who were in small numbers at first, were lumped together under the general term Turks, because of the obvious difficulties the Arabs had in pronouncing such foreign names. The Khazars who also came from small localities which could not even be identified, as they were mostly nomads, were perhaps the only group that deserved to be called Turks on the ground of racial affinity. However, other groups from Transcaucasia were classed together with the Khazars under the general description."
↑ ʻUthmān Sayyid Aḥmad Ismāʻīl Bīlī, "Prelude to the Generals", Published by Garnet & Ithaca Press, 2001. pg 47:"The name Turk was given to all these troops, despite the inclusion amongst them of some elements of Iranian origin, Ferghana, Ushrusana, and Shash – places were in fact the centers were the slave material was collected together....Judging from the specific names of their origin, Soghd, Farghana, Urshusuna, Shahs, the majority of them might have been of Iranian origin"
↑ حسن یوسفی اشکوری (١١ اردیبهشت ١٣٧٦). «ابن اشناس». دانشنامه بزرگ اسلامی نویسنده: مرکز دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. دریافت‌شده در ٢١ مهر ١٣٩٣.
↑ دو قرن سکوت، فرگرد بانگ رستاخیز.
↑ نفیسی، سعید (۱۳۸۷). بابک حقایق، ویراستار. تاریخ تمدن ایران ساسانی. شرکت مطالعه و نشر کتاب پارسه. ص. ۲۹۳.

منابع

BARTHOLD, W; GIBB, H. A. R (1986). "AFSHlN". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. vol.۱ (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 241. ISBN 90-04-08114-3.
دو قرن سکوت، عبدالحسین زرینکوب، چاپ دوم، برگ ۲۰۶تا۲۳۷

[1] "Afshin",Encyclopedia of Islam

[IranicaOsrushana-2] C. Edmund Bosworth(2005), "OSRUŠANA " in Encyclopædia Iranica. Accessed November 2010 [۱] "At the time of the Arab incursions into Transoxania, Osrušana had its own line of Iranian princes, the Afšins (Ebn Ḵordāḏbeh, p. 40), of whom the most famous was the general of the caliph Moʿtaṣem (q.v. 833-42), the Afšin Ḵayḏar or Ḥaydar b. Kāvus (d. 841; see AFŠIN)", "The region was little urbanized, and it long preserved its ancient Iranian feudal and patriarchal society. "

[BosworthIranica-3] C.E. Bosworth. "Afshin". Encyclopædia Iranica. During the reign of the caliph Mahdi (158-69/775-85) the Afshin of Oshrusana is mentioned among several Iranian and Turkish rulers of Transoxania and the Central Asian steppes who submitted nominally to him (Yaqubi, II, p. 479)

[4] V. Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian history, Cambridge University Press, 1957, (footnote on page 111).

[5] Kramers, J.H. "Usrūshana." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007

[6] Lewis,Bernard. "The Political Language of Islam", Published by University of Chicago Press, 1991. excerpt from pg 482: "Babak's Iranianizing Rebellion in Azerbaijan gave occasion for sentiments at the capital to harden against men who were sympathetic to the more explicitly Iranian tradition. Victor (837) over Babak was al-Afshin, who was the hereditary Persian ruler of a district beyond the Oxus, but also a masterful general for the caliph."

[7] Clifford Edmund Bosworth (Translator with Commentary), The History of al-Tabari Vol. 33 "Storm and Stress along the Northern Frontiers of the 'Abbasid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Mu'tasim A.D. 833-842/A.H. 218-227", SUNY Press, 1991. Footenote 176 on pg 59: "Abu Dulaf's contigent of volunteers from lower Iraq would be mainly Arabs, and there seems in fact to have been hostility between him, as a representative of Arab influence at the caliphate court, and the Iranian Al-Afshin"

[8] P.B. Golden, "Khazar Turkic Ghulams in Caliphal Service", Journial Asiatique, 2004, vol. 292. pg 292:Some of the soldiers were slaves, others, such as al-Afshin, the scion of a ruling Central Asian (Ustrushana/Ushrusana) Iranian family, clearly were not".

[9] Mottahedeh, Roy, "The Abbassid Caliphate in Iran", Cambridge History of Iran, IV, ed. R.N. Frye, 57-89. 1975 pg 75:" Al Mu'atism chose for this task the Afshin, the Iranian king of Ushrusuna".

[Pipe-10] D. Pipes. Turks in Early Muslim Service — JTS, 1978, 2, 85—96. excerpt:"Although two classical sources claim him a Turk, he came from Farghana, an Iranian cultural region and was not usually considered Turkish"

[11] Sourdel, D. "The Abbasid Caliphate." Pages 104-39 in P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History of Islam, I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Quote from Pg 125: "and finally of Mazyar, a local chieftain of Tabaristan, against whom the caliph sent the Turkish general Afshin, the conqueror of Babak"

[12] M.A. Shaban, “Islamic History”, Cambridge University Press, v.2 1978. Page 63:"These new troops were the so-called “Turks”. It must be said without hesitation that this is the most misleading misnomer which has led some scholars to harp ad nauseam on utterly unfounded interpretation of the following era, during which they unreasonably ascribe all events to Turkish domination. In fact the great majority of these troops were not Turks. It has been frequently pointed out that Arabic sources use the term Turk in a very loose manner. The Hephthalites are referred to as Turks, so are the peoples of Gurgan, Khwarizm and Sistan. Indeed, with the exception of the Soghdians, Arabic sources refer to all peoples not subjects of the Sassanian empire as Turks. In Samarra separate quarters were provided for new recruits from every locality. The group from Farghana were called after their district, and the name continued in usage because it was easy to pronounce. But such groups as the Ishtakhanjiyya, the Isbijabbiya and groups from similar localities who were in small numbers at first, were lumped together under the general term Turks, because of the obvious difficulties the Arabs had in pronouncing such foreign names. The Khazars who also came from small localities which could not even be identified, as they were mostly nomads, were perhaps the only group that deserved to be called Turks on the ground of racial affinity. However, other groups from Transcaucasia were classed together with the Khazars under the general description."

[13] ʻUthmān Sayyid Aḥmad Ismāʻīl Bīlī, "Prelude to the Generals", Published by Garnet & Ithaca Press, 2001. pg 47:"The name Turk was given to all these troops, despite the inclusion amongst them of some elements of Iranian origin, Ferghana, Ushrusana, and Shash – places were in fact the centers were the slave material was collected together....Judging from the specific names of their origin, Soghd, Farghana, Urshusuna, Shahs, the majority of them might have been of Iranian origin"

[14] حسن یوسفی اشکوری (١١ اردیبهشت ١٣٧٦). «ابن اشناس». دانشنامه بزرگ اسلامی نویسنده: مرکز دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. دریافت‌شده در ٢١ مهر ١٣٩٣.

[15] دو قرن سکوت، فرگرد بانگ رستاخیز.

[16] نفیسی، سعید (۱۳۸۷). بابک حقایق، ویراستار. تاریخ تمدن ایران ساسانی. شرکت مطالعه و نشر کتاب پارسه. ص. ۲۹۳.