منازعه ترکیه با کردها (۱۹۷۸–اکنون)
منازعه ترکیه با کردها منازعهای مسلحانه بین جمهوری ترکیه و گروههای شورشی مختلف کرد است، که خواهان جدایی از ترکیه برای تشکیل یک کردستان مستقل، یا داشتن خودمختاری و داشتن حقوق سیاسی و فرهنگی بیشتر برای کردها در جمهوری ترکیه هستند. گروه شورشی اصلی حزب کارگران کردستان یا پکک (زبانهای کردی: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan) است. با این که شورش عمدتاً در جنوب شرقی ترکیه است، شورشیان در بسیاری از مناطق این کشور حملاتی ترتیب دادهاند. حضور پکک در کردستان عراق، که حملاتی نیز از آنجا صورت داده منجر به انجام یورشهای مکرر زمینی از سوی ارتش ترکیه شده و حملات هوایی و توپخانهای در منطقه صورت گرفته. تخمین زده شده این منازعه به اقتصاد ترکیه بین ۳۰۰ تا ۴۵۰ میلیارد دلار آسیب زده باشد که بیشترش هزینههای نظامی است همچنین گردشگری ترکیه را تحت تأثیر قرار داده.
منازعه ترکیه با کردها Kurdish-Turkish conflict | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
بخشی از قیامهای کردها | |||||||
نمایی کلی از منازعه ترکیه با کردها | |||||||
| |||||||
طرفهای درگیر | |||||||
دیگر نیروها:
|
تحت حمایت: بازهای آزادی کردستان | ||||||
فرماندهان و رهبران | |||||||
فرماندهان فعلی |
فرماندهان فعلی فرماندهان قبلی: | ||||||
قوا | |||||||
نیروهای مسلح ترکیه: ۶۳۹٬۵۵۱: Gendarmerie: ۱۴۸٬۷۰۰ Police: ۲۲۵٬۰۰۰ Village Guards: ۶۵٬۰۰۰ مجموعاً: ۹۴۸٬۵۵۰ (not all directly involved in the conflict) |
حزب کارگران کردستان: ۴٬۰۰۰–۳۲٬۸۰۰ PJAK : ۱٬۰۰۰–۳٬۰۰۰بازهای آزادی کردستان: A few dozen مجموعاً: ≈۵٬۰۰۰–۳۲٬۸۰۰ | ||||||
تلفات و ضایعات | |||||||
۵٬۳۴۷ سرباز, 283 افسر پلیس و ۱٬۴۶۶ village guards killed, ۹۵ دستگیرشده (هم اکنون ۲۴ گرفتار) مجموعاً: ۷٬۲۳۰ کشته و ۲۱٬۱۲۸ مجروح (Turkish claim) |
مجموعاً: ۳۱٬۸۷۴-۴۴٬۰۰۰+ کشته و ۶۲٬۱۴۵ دستگیرشده (ادعای ترکیه) 40,000+ suspects arrested (2015-2016) | ||||||
مجموعه کشته: ۵۰٬۰۰۰–۵۵٬۰۰۰ تلفات غیرنظامی: |
جستارهای وابسته
- جداییخواهی کردها از ایران
منابع
- ↑ "Turkey's Kurdish tribes call PKK to leave country". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
- ↑ "Kurdish people unite against terror: Tribe of 65,000 pledge to stand up against PKK".
- ↑ "Erdogan's new Kurdish allies – Kurdish Institute".
- ↑ MacDonald, Alex (14 September 2015). "Increasing tensions see resurgence of Turkey's far-right street movements". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
- ↑ "The Deep State".
- ↑ Studies, Karabekir Akkoyunlu Assistant Professor of Modern Turkey at the Centre for Southeast European; Graz, University of (25 October 2015). "Old Demons in New Faces? The 'Deep State' Meets Erdoğan's 'New Turkey'".
- ↑ "PJAK attacks along Iran borders decline". PressTV. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
- ↑ "Armenian animosity rekindled through PKK terror". المانیتور. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
- ↑ Faucompret, Erik; Konings, Jozef (2008). Turkish Accession to the EU: Satisfying the Copenhagen Criteria. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-203-92896-7.
The Turkish establishment considered the Kurds' demand for the recognition of their identity a threat to the territorial integrity of the state, the more so because the PKK was supported by countries hostile to Turkey: Soviet Union, Greece, Cyprus, Iran and especially Syria. Syria hosted the organization and its leader for twenty years, and it provided training facilities in the Beka'a Valley of Syrian-controlled northern Lebanon.
- ↑ "Ocalan: Greeks supplied Kurdish rebels". BBC News. 2 June 1999. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
- ↑ "Turkey says Greece supports PKK". Hürriyet Daily News. 1 July 1999. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
- ↑ Bilgin, Fevzi; Sarihan. Ali (2013). Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question. Lexington Books. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7391-8403-5.
The USSR, and then Russia, also supported the PKK for many years.
- ↑ "Russian newspaper: Russia provided money for PKK". Hurriyet Daily News. 28 February 2000. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ↑ "Turkey devises action plan to dry up PKK's foreign support". Today's Zaman. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ↑ Shapir, Yiftah (1998). The Middle East Military Balance, 1996. Jerusalem, Israel: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-231-10892-8.
The PKK was originally established as a Marxist party, with ties to the Soviet Union
- ↑ Phillips, David L. (2009). From Bullets to Ballots: Violent Muslim Movements in Transition. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-4128-1201-6.
Iran's Revolutionary Guards (Pasdaran) trained the PKK in Lebanon's Beka'a Valley. Iran supported the PKK despite Turkey's strict neutrality during the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988).
- ↑ "Syria and Iran 'backing Kurdish terrorist group', says Turkey". The Telegraph. 3 September 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ↑ Bal, İdris (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy In Post Cold War Era. Boca Raton, Fl.: BrownWalker Press. p. 359. ISBN 978-1-58112-423-1.
With the explicit supports of some Arab countries for the PKK such as Syria...
- ↑ Mannes, Aaron (2004). Profiles In Terror: The Guide To Middle East Terrorist Organizations. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-7425-3525-1.
PKK has had substantial operations in northern Iraq, with the support of Iran and Syria.
- ↑ "Terrorism Havens: Iraq". Council on Foreign Relations. December 1, 2005. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
Saddam has aided...the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (known by its Turkish initials, PKK), a separatist group fighting the Turkish government.
- ↑ Ciment, James (2015), World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era, Routledge, p. 721,
Other groups that have received Libyan support include the Turkish PKK...
- ↑ "Are the PKK and Cairo new allies?". Rudaw. 27 June 2016.
Cairo allegedly gave the PKK delegation funds and weapons after the second meeting, the report adds.
- ↑ "III. International Sources of Support". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ↑ "Turkey: PKK leader calls halt to armed struggle". Ansamed. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ↑ "Cautious Turkish PM welcomes Öcalan's call for end to armed struggle". Hürriyet Daily News. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ↑ "Kurdish separatist group leader Öcalan calls to stop armed struggle". Trend AZ. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ↑ "Ocalan's farewell to arms brings Kurds hope for peace". Euronews. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ↑ "PJAK attacks along Iran borders decline". Presstv.com. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
- ↑ "NEWS FROM TURKISH ARMED FORCES". Turkish Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved November 2015.
- ↑ "Turkey's Paramilitary Forces" (PDF). Orbat. 25 July 2006. p. 33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
- ↑ "Turkey's 'village guards' tired of conflict". My Sinchew. 19 April 2010. Archived from the original on 21 April 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ↑
- ↑ "The PKK in Numbers". Sabah News Agency. 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
- ↑ ISN Kurdish strike reminder of forgotten war, 26 February 2007
- ↑ Iran's Kurdish Threat: PJAK بایگانیشده در ۱۳ ژانویه ۲۰۱۳ توسط Archive.today, 15 June 2006
- ↑ Brandon, James. "The Kurdistan Freedom Falcons Emerges as a Rival to the PKK". Jamestown.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
- ↑ 14 taken (May 1993),[۱] بایگانیشده در ۱۱ مه ۲۰۱۵ توسط Wayback Machine 8 taken (Oct. 2007),[۲] 23 taken (2011-12),[۳] 8 released (Feb. 2015),[۴] 20 taken/released (June-Sep. 2015),[۵] 20 held (Dec. 2015),[۶] 2 taken (Jan. 2016),[۷] total of 95 reported taken
- ↑ 20 as of Dec. 2015,[۸] 2 taken Jan. 2016,[۹] total of 22 reported currently held
- ↑ "How many martyrs did Turkey lost?". Internethaber. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ↑ Şafak, Yeni. "Nearly 7,000 civilians کشته by PKK in 31 years". Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
- ↑ ۲۲٬۳۷۴-۴۴٬۰۰۰+ کشته (1984–2015),[۱۰] بایگانیشده در ۱۱ اکتبر ۲۰۱۶ توسط Wayback Machine 9,500 کشته (2015–2016),[۱۱], 203,000 arrested (1984–2012),[۱۲], 62,145 captured from 2003 to 2011, total of 31,874 reported کشته and 203,000 arrested
- ↑ [۱۳]
- ↑ Reuters (10 January 2016). "Turkish forces kill 32 Kurdish militants in bloody weekend as conflict escalates" – via The Guardian.
- ↑ "PKK declares end to unilateral truce in Turkey". AFP. 5 November 2015.
- ↑ "Over 1,100 die in PKK attacks in Turkey since July 2015". Retrieved 10 November 2016.
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ Visweswaran, edited by Kamala (2013). Everyday occupations experiencing militarism in South Asia and the Middle East (1st ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 14. ISBN 0-8122-0783-1.
- ↑ Romano, David (2005). The Kurdish nationalist movement: opportunity, mobilization and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-521-68426-9.
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ TÜRKİYE'DE HALEN FAALİYETLERİNE DEVAM EDEN BAŞLICA TERÖR ÖRGÜTLERİ: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
- ↑ "Partiya Karkeran Kurdistan [PKK]". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ↑ "'PKK ready to swap arms for autonomy'". Press TV. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 14 September 2010.
- ↑ "Kurdish PKK leader: We will not withdraw our autonomy demand". Ekurd.net. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
- ↑ David O'Byrne (21 July 2010). "PKK 'would disarm for Kurdish rights in Turkey'". BBC News. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
- ↑ Bloomberg L.P. Sex Scandal Shake-Up Reinvigorates Turkish Opposition Party بایگانیشده در ۱۰ نوامبر ۲۰۱۳ توسط Wayback Machine, 23 May 2010
- ↑ Jenkins, Gareth. "PKK Expanding Urban Bombing Campaign in Western Turkey". Jamestown.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
- ↑ Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) – Norwegian Refugee Council. "The Kurdish conflict (1984–2006)". Internal-displacement.org. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
- ↑ "Barzani Calls on Turkey to Stop Attacks on PKK". 2015-07-25.
- ↑ "Iraq warns Turkey over incursion". BBC News. 23 February 2008. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
- ↑ PKK: Targets and activities, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey), Federation of American Scientists.
- ↑ Mutlu, Servet (2008). "Türkiye'nin güvenliği: Ayrılıkçı PKK Terörünün Ekonomik Maliyeti" [The security of Turkey: Economic cost of separatist PKK terrorism] (PDF) (به ترکی استانبولی). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
- ↑ "Turkey: The PKK and a Kurdish settlement" بایگانیشده در ۱۵ سپتامبر ۲۰۱۲ توسط Wayback Machine, International Crisis Group, 11 September 2012