تلفات جنگ جهانی دوم
جنگ جهانی دوم با بر جای گذاشتن ۷۰ تا ۸۵ میلیون نفر کشته، مرگبارترین درگیری نظامی در طول تاریخ بود. این شمار کشتهها معادل ۳ درصد از جمعیت جهان در سال ۱۹۴۰ (حدود ۲٫۳ میلیارد) بود. از این میزان کشته ۵۰ تا ۵۶ میلیون نفر مستقیماً ناشی از جنگ و ۱۹ تا ۲۸ میلیون نفر در اثر رویدادهای مربوط به جنگ مانند مرگ در اثر گرسنگی یا بیماری بود. کشتههای غیرنظامی ۵۰ تا ۵۵ میلیون نفر از این آمار را در برمیگیرد. کشتههای نظامی در اثر تمامی دلایل ۲۱ تا ۲۵ میلیون شامل ۵ میلیون اسیر جنگی بودهاست. بیش از نیمی از کل آمار تلفات مربوط به چین و شوروی میشد.
جدول زیر نشانگر جزئیات تلفات انسانی جنگ جهانی دوم بر پایه کشورها است.
خسارت جانی بر پایه کشور
شمار کشتهها و زخمیهای جنگ جهانی دوم بر پایه کشور
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(هنگامی که شمار کشتهها برای یک کشور مورد مناقشه است برای آن بازه تعیین شدهاست)
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توضیحات بیشتر در پانویس جدول
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- کشتههای غیرنظامی در آمار کشوری که در آن حضور داشتند، به حساب آمدهاند. برای نمونه یهودیان آلمانی که به فرانسه گریختهاند جزو کشتههای فرانسه حساب شدهاند.
- کشتههای در زندانها و افراد مفقودالاثر جزو کشتههای نظامی حساب شدهاند.
ده کشور با بیشترین تلفات جانی
مجموع کشته شدگان | مجموع کشتهها | کشتههای نظامی | کشتههای غیرنظامی | زخمیها | جمعیت کل در سال ۱۹۳۹ | |
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۱ | اتحاد جماهیر شوروی سوسیالیستی | ۲۰ تا ۲۷ میلیون | ۱۸۸٬۷۹۳٬۰۰۰ | |||
۲ | جمهوری چین (۱۹۴۹–۱۹۱۲) | ۱۵ تا ۲۰ میلیون | ۵۱۷٬۵۶۸٬۰۰۰ | |||
۳ | آلمان | ۶ تا ۷٫۴ میلیون | ۶۹٬۳۰۰٬۰۰۰ | |||
۴ | لهستان | ۵٫۹ تا ۶ میلیون | ۳۴٬۸۴۹٬۰۰۰ | |||
۵ | هند شرقی هلند | ۳ تا ۴ میلیون | ۶۹٬۴۳۵٬۰۰۰ | |||
۶ | ژاپن | ۲٫۵ تا ۳٫۱میلیون | ۷۱٬۳۸۰٬۰۰۰ | |||
۷ | هند | ۲٫۲ تا ۳٫۰۸ میلیون | ۳۷۷٬۸۰۰٬۰۰۰ | |||
۸ | پادشاهی یوگسلاوی | ۱٫۰۲تا۱٫۷میلیون | ۱۵٬۴۹۰٬۰۰۰ | |||
۹ | هندوچین فرانسه | ۱تا۲٫۲میلیون | ۲۴٬۶۶۴٬۰۰۰ | |||
۱۰ | فرانسه | ۶۰۰هزار | ۴۱٬۶۸۰٬۰۰۰ |
منابع
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- ↑ League of Nations Yearbook 1942 p.22
- ↑ John W. Dower. War Without Mercy, ۱۹۸۶ شابک ۰−۳۹۴−۷۵۱۷۲−۸ p. 29 (10,000 civilian dead on Saipan)
- ↑ Andreev, EM, et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993; شابک ۹۷۸−۵−۰۲−۰۱۳۴۷۹−۹, pp. 52-53 (the 1939 population was adjusted by Andreev to reflect the net population transfers in 1939–1945.)
- ↑ R. W. Davies (1994). Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945. Cambridge University Press 2005. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-521-45770-5. 1939 population 188.8 million (168.5 in pre-war territory and 20.3 in پیمان مولوتوف–ریبنتروپ)
- ↑ Andreev EM; Darsky LE; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. 1993; شابک ۰۴۱۵۱۰۱۹۴۸ p.429. (1939 population including annexed territories 188.794 million)
- ↑ G. F. Krivosheyev (1993) "Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations and Military Conflicts: A Statistical Study". Military Publishing House Moscow. (Translated by U.S. government) p.121 Retrieved March 18, 2018.
- ↑ Krivosheev, G. F. , ed. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. London: Greenhill Books. شابک ۱−۸۵۳۶۷−۲۸۰−۷. page 85 (8,8668,000, including 1,283,000 POW and 500,000 missing)
- ↑ "Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War II- Europe Asia Studies, July 1994" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-06-28. (8.668 million including 1.783 million POW and missing)
- ↑ Hartmann, Christian (2013). Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany's War in the East, 1941–1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-19-966078-0. 11.4 million
- ↑ Ian Dear (1995). Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press 1995. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-19-866225-9. (10 million military dead)
- ↑ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; شابک ۵−۹۳۱۶۵−۱۰۷−۱, pp. 20-21(10,600,000, including 2.6 million POW)
- ↑ S. N. Mikhalev, Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941–1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie, Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet, 2000; شابک ۹۷۸−۵−۸۵۹۸۱−۰۸۲−۶, pp. 18–21. S. N. Mikhalev, Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945: A Statistical Investigation; Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (in Russian) (10.922 million total dead and missing)
- ↑
- ↑ Ian Dear (1995). Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press 1995. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-19-866225-9. (10 million civilian dead)
- ↑ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; شابک ۵−۹۳۱۶۵−۱۰۷−۱, pp. 20-21 (10,000,000)
- ↑ Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны: сборник статей -Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles. Saint-Petersburg, 1995; شابک ۹۷۸−۵−۸۶۷۸۹−۰۲۳−۰ pp. 124–27 (10,242,000 including 7,420,000 killed by intentional acts of violence, 2,164,000 as forced labor for Germany and 658,000 in siege of Leningrad)
- ↑ Andreev EM; Darsky LE; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. 1993; شابک ۰۴۱۵۱۰۱۹۴۸ p.429.
- ↑ Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны: сборник статей -Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles. Saint-Petersburg, 1995. شابک ۹۷۸−۵−۸۶۷۸۹−۰۲۳−۰ Pages 127 and 158 (6.6 تا 7.1 million deaths due to famine and disease including 4.1 million in German occupied USSR and 2.5 – 3.2 million deaths in area not occupied by Germany)
- ↑ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; شابک ۵−۹۳۱۶۵−۱۰۷−۱, p. 20-21(5,500,000 famine and disease deaths plus repression 1.4 million deaths (200,000 executed,1.2 million deaths in Gulag and Special Settlements)
- ↑ Zemskov, Viktor. "The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War(in Russian)". demoscope.ru # 559-60, July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2017. Viktor Zemskov maintains that the figure of 27 million total war dead includes about 7 million deaths due to natural causes based on the Mortality rate that prevailed before the war
- ↑ Andreev EM; Darsky LE; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. 1993. شابک ۰۴۱۵۱۰۱۹۴۸ pp. 434–436 (26.6 million war dead includes a decline in مرگ طبیعی of 3.0 million and a 1.3 million increase in مرگومیر نوزادان)
- ↑ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow 2004; شابک ۵−۹۳۱۶۵−۱۰۷−۱, p. 20-21(26,500,000)
- ↑ R. W. Davies (1994). Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945. Cambridge University Press 2005. pp. 77–79. ISBN 978-0-521-45770-5. Total losses of 26.6 million out of a 1939 population of 188.8 million, which included 20.3 million Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
- ↑ Michael Haynes, Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a Note Europe Asia Studies Vol.55, No. 2, 2003, 300–309 (26.6 million)
- ↑ "Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War II- Europe Asia Studies, July 1994" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-06-28. (26 تا 27 million)
- ↑ "Swedish Volunteer Corps". Svenskafrivilliga.com. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
- ↑ Lennart Lundberg Handelsflottan under andra världskriget p.9
- ↑ Aerospace Power Journal. Summer 2000. The Diplomacy of Apology: U.S. Bombings of Switzerland during World War II by Jonathan E. Helmreich
- ↑ Eiji Murashima, "The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography: The 1942–43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence" Modern Asian Studies, v40, n4 (2006) pp. 1053–1096, p1057n:
- ↑ "SS_Refah, Graces Guide". Retrieved 2015-06-23.
- ↑ Jan Lahmeyer. "The UNITED KINGDOM: country population". www.populstat.info. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
- ↑ Commonwealth War Graves Commission (2015-04-12). "Annual Report 2014-2015". issuu. p. 39. Retrieved 2019-03-05. Table: 'Breakdown of War Dead by Forces'. Figures include identified burials as and those commemorated by name on memorials attributed to the United Kingdom.
- ↑ "Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour 1939 - 1945". Westminster Abbey (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2019-03-05. In 2017, "several hundred" new names were added which are not part of this statistic.
- ↑ Commonwealth War Graves Commission (2014-05-11). "Annual Report 2013-2014". issuu. p. 43. Retrieved 2019-03-05. References the War Dead Roll of Honour. Figures include civilians killed in the نبرد بریتانیا، Siege of Malta (World War II), and civilians interned by enemy nations.
- ↑ Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. 156
- ↑ I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot Oxford Companion to World War II Oxford, 2005; شابک ۰−۱۹−۲۸۰۶۷۰-X, p. 290
- ↑ Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. شابک ۰−۸۰۴۷−۳۶۱۵−۴ In Cap.17 Alleged and True Population Losses there is a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses (pp. 744–50)