آزمون پذیری
آزمون پذیری، یک ویژگی که برای یک فرضیه تجربی اعمال می‌شود، شامل دو جزء است:
- ابطال پذیری یا ابطال پذیری، به این معنی که مثالهای متضاد فرضیه به‌طور منطقی امکان‌پذیر است.
- امکان‌سنجی عملی مشاهده یک سری نمونه‌های دارای قابلیت بازتولید از این قبیل در صورت وجود.
به‌طور خلاصه، یک فرضیه در صورتی قابل آزمایش است که امکان تصمیم‌گیری دربارهٔ درست یا نادرست بودن آن بر اساس آزمایش توسط کسی وجود داشته باشد. این اجازه می‌دهد تا تصمیم بگیرید که آیا یک نظریه می‌تواند توسط داده‌ها پشتیبانی یا رد شود. با این حال، تفسیر داده‌های تجربی نیز ممکن است غیرقطعی یا نامطمئن باشد.
جستارهای وابسته
- تایید پذیری
- قابلیت کنترل
- قابلیت مشاهده
- روش علمی
- روش آزمون
منابع
- Johansson, Lars-Goran (2015). "Hypotheses and hypothesis testing". Philosophy of science for scientists. Cham: اشپرینگر ساینس+بیزینس مدیا. pp. 41–61 (59). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26551-3. ISBN 9783319265490. OCLC 923649072.
... the question of whether the auxiliary assumption is testable or not is not so easy to determine as it might first appear. Criteria regarding independent testability do not seem to be absolute. ... The least common denominator for all sciences is that hypotheses are formulated and tested. This is meaningful only if one is prepared to change one's mind after testing, to admit that even one's favourite hypothesis was wrong. ... The result of the test is either that the predictions and observation reports are compatible, or that they conflict. In the former case one may be justified to say that one's hypothesis is supported. In the latter case one must reconsider something; one must reject either the hypothesis, some auxiliary assumption, or the observation report.
- Kegan, Robert; Lahey, Lisa Laskow (2009). "Designing tests of your big assumption". Immunity to change: how to overcome it and unlock potential in yourself and your organization. Leadership for the common good. Boston: Harvard Business Press. pp. 256–264. ISBN 9781422117361. OCLC 231580325.
The purpose of each test you run is to see what happens when you intentionally alter your usual conduct and then reflect upon the meaning of the results for your big assumption. ... To make [the assumption] testable, you may have to back up and unearth a prior assumption in the sequence ... Once you've chosen a big assumption to test, the next step is to design your first experiment to challenge it.
Robert Kegan and Lisa Lahey suggest how to turn personal tacit assumptions into explicit testable hypotheses in everyday life. - Keuth, Herbert (2004) [Published in German 2000]. "From falsifiability to testability". The philosophy of Karl Popper (1st English ed.). Cambridge, UK; New York: انتشارات دانشگاه کمبریج. pp. 48–49. ISBN 9780521548304. OCLC 54503549.
Consequently, the universal statements, which are contradicted by the basic statements, are not strictly refutable. Like singular statements and probability statements, they are empirically testable, but their tests do not have certain, definite results, do not result in strict verification or falsification but only in temporary acceptance or rejection.
- Popper, Karl (2002) [Published in German 1935; English translation 1959]. The logic of scientific discovery (Reprint ed.). London; New York: روتلج. pp. 95–120 (95). doi:10.4324/9780203994627. ISBN 9780415278447. OCLC 48533950.
Theories may be more, or less, severely testable; that is to say, more, or less, easily falsifiable. The degree of their testability is of significance for the selection of theories. In this chapter, I shall compare the various degrees of testability or falsifiability of theories through comparing the classes of their potential falsifiers. This investigation is quite independent of the question whether or not it is possible to distinguish in an absolute sense between falsifiable and non-falsifiable theories. Indeed one might say of the present chapter that it 'relativizes' the requirement of falsifiability by showing falsifiability to be a matter of degree.
- Sober, Elliott (November 1999). "Testability". Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association. 73 (2): 47–76 (47–48). doi:10.2307/3131087. JSTOR 3131087.
The idea that some experiments really do test a proposition, while others do not, is not controversial, nor does it deserve to be. ... Testing is to testability as dissolving is to solubility. If we can understand what testing is, we also should be able to understand what testability is.